George F. Kennan
George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005) was an American advisor, diplomat, and historian, known best as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion at the end of World War II. He later reversed himself on containment. He lectured widely and wrote scholarly histories of the relations between USSR and the United States. He was also one of the group of foreign policy elders known as "The Wise Men". During the late 1940s, his writings inspired the Truman Doctrine and the U.S. foreign policy of "containing" the Soviet Union. His "Long Telegram" from Moscow during 1946 and the subsequent 1947 article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" argued that the Soviet regime was inherently expansionist and that its influence had to be "contained" in areas of vital strategic importance to the United States. These texts provided justification for the Truman administration's new anti-Soviet policy. Kennan also played a major role in the development of definitive Cold War programs and institutions, notably the Marshall Plan. Soon after his concepts had become U.S. policy, Kennan began to criticize the foreign policies that he had seemingly helped begin. Subsequently, prior to the end of 1948, Kennan became confident that positive dialogue could commence with the Soviet government. His proposals were discounted by the Truman administration and Kennan's influence was marginalized, particularly after Dean Acheson was appointed secretary of state during 1949. Soon thereafter, U.S. Cold War strategy assumed a more assertive and militaristic quality, causing Kennan to lament about what he believed was an abrogation of his previous assessments. During 1950, Kennan left the Department of State—- except for two brief ambassadorial stints in Moscow and Yugoslavia—- and became a realist critic of U.S. foreign policy. He continued to be analyze international affairs as a faculty member of the Institute for Advanced Study from 1956 until his death at age 101. He was a member of the Founding Council of the Rothermere American Institute at the University of Oxford.